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Vegetarian nutrition is the set of health-related challenges and advantages of vegetarian diets. If well-planned and fortified to balance their deficiencies, vegetarian and vegan diets can become nutritionally adequate and can be appropriate for all stages of the life cycle, including during pregnancy, lactation, infancy, childhood, and adolescence.〔 When fortified, a vegetarian diet can provide adequate protein, iron, zinc, vitamin B12, and calcium intake, though these nutrients can be dangerously low and may compromise children's health and development in non fortified vegetarian diets, and when not enough calories are consumed.〔 Evidence suggests that vegetarians have lower rates of coronary heart disease, obesity, hypertension, type 2 diabetes,〔 and osteoporosis.〔(Incidence of osteoporosis in vegetarians and omnivores )〕 Vegetarian diets tend to be rich in carbohydrates, omega-6 fatty acids, dietary fibre, carotenoids, folic acid, vitamin C, vitamin E, potassium and magnesium. They are generally low in saturated fat, cholesterol, and animal protein. ==Effects of a vegetarian diet== The Oxford Vegetarian Study showed that the health of vegetarians compares favourably with that of meat-eaters (excluding pescetarians). British vegetarians have lower death rates than non-vegetarians,〔 although this is at least partly due to non-dietary lifestyle factors, such as a low prevalence of smoking and the generally high socioeconomic status of vegetarians, or to aspects of the diet other than the avoidance of meat and fish. Loma Linda University School of Public Health has conducted three cohort studies that identify the health benefits of a vegetarian diet.〔(Adventist Health Studies )〕 The University is a Seventh-day Adventist health science institution. The first study, funded by the US Public Health Service in 1958 and limited to Adventists in California, included many vegetarians. The next cohort of California Adventists, the Adventist Health Study-1 (AHS-1), collected data from 1974 to 1976. From 2002 to 2007 the Adventist Health Study-2 (AHS-2) collected dietary data from 96,000 church members from the United States and Canada. Many scientific articles have been published on the health and nutrition properties of a vegetarian diet from these cohort studies.〔(List of scientific publications from the Adventist Health Studies )〕 The most recent AHS-2 study includes findings on metabolic syndrome, Vitamin D absorption and type-2 diabetes The 2010 version of ''Dietary Guidelines for Americans,'' a report issued by the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services every five years, states that Vegetarians may avoid the negative health effects of processed red meat: A 1999 meta-study of five studies comparing vegetarian and non-vegetarian mortality rates in Western countries found that in comparison with regular meat eaters, mortality from ischemic heart disease was 34% lower in people who ate fish but not meat (pescetarians), 34% lower in ovo-lacto vegetarians, 26% lower in vegans and 20% lower in occasional meat eaters. A 2010 study found that heart disease is not linked with unprocessed red meat. Doctors Dean Ornish, T. Colin Campbell, John A. McDougall, Caldwell Esselstyn and Neal D. Barnard claim that high animal fat and protein diets, such as the standard American diet, are detrimental to health. They also state that a lifestyle change incorporating a low fat vegetarian or vegan diet could not only prevent various degenerative diseases, such as coronary artery disease, but reverse them. Studies of cancer have not shown clear differences in cancer rates between vegetarians and non-vegetarians. There is evidence that vegetarians tend to have a lower body mass index,〔 lower risk of obesity,〔American Heart Association: (''Vegetarian Diets'' ). Retrieved 4 January 2007.〕 lower blood cholesterol levels,〔〔 lower homocysteine levels,〔 lower risk of high blood pressure,〔〔 and lower risk of type 2 diabetes.〔〔 One large prospective study found that non-meat-eaters had only half the risk of meat eaters of requiring an emergency appendectomy.〔 A 2012 study found that too much or too little red meat consumption is tied to anxiety and depression in women. However, another study showed that vegetarian diets are associated with healthy mood states. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「vegetarian nutrition」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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